Chandrayaan-1 data confirms presence of ice on Moon: NASA
The ice deposits are patchily distributed and could possibly be ancient, according to the study published in the journal PNAS.
Scientists have found frozen water deposits in the darkest and coldest parts of the Moon’s polar regions using data from the Chandrayaan-1 spacecraft that was launched by India 10 years ago, NASA said on Tuesday.
With enough ice sitting at the surface — within the top few millimetres — water would possibly be accessible as a resource for future expeditions to explore and even stay on the Moon, and potentially easier to access than the water detected beneath the Moon’s surface.
The ice deposits are patchily distributed and could possibly be ancient, according to the study published in the journal PNAS.
At the southern pole, most of the ice is concentrated at lunar craters, while the northern pole’s ice is more widely, but sparsely spread.
Scientists used data from NASA’s Moon Mineralogy Mapper (M3) instrument to identify three specific signatures that definitively prove there is water ice at the surface of the Moon.
M3, aboard the Chandrayaan-1 spacecraft, launched in 2008 by the Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO), was uniquely equipped to confirm the presence of solid ice on the Moon.
It collected data that not only picked up the reflective properties we would expect from ice, but was also able to directly measure the distinctive way its molecules absorb infrared light, so it can differentiate between liquid water or vapour and solid ice.
Most of the new-found water ice lies in the shadows of craters near the poles, where the warmest temperatures never reach above minus 156 degrees Celsius.
Due to the very small tilt of the Moon’s rotation axis, sunlight never reaches these regions.
Previous observations indirectly found possible signs of surface ice at the lunar south pole, but these could have been explained by other phenomena, such as unusually reflective lunar soil.
Drones to space Internet, IISc incubates start-ups
Most of the start-ups are based on moonshot ideas, including drones to transport organs and devices for diagnosing diseases
Better known for his former role as the programme director and chief designer of India’s indigenous light combat aircraft (LCA), 75-year-old Kota Harinarayana is the founder-chairman of General Aeronautics, an Indian Institute of Science (IISc) incubated start-up. The start-up designs and makes unmanned aerial vehicles or drones focused on security and civilian applications. One application is to use these drones to transport organs faster than ambulances for organ transplant procedures to save lives.
“For organs, especially the heart, the life is very limited after it is harvested from the donor,” says Dr. Harinarayana. “But the road transport takes a long time as a result of which quite often when the organ reaches to the recipient, it is in unusable condition.”
General Aeronautics is among a growing number of start-ups incubated by the Society for Innovation and Development (SID) housed on the IISc campus in Bengaluru, which aim to commercialise innovations that can have a direct impact on society.
Moonshots
Most of the start-ups are based on moonshot ideas. These include drones to transport organs, satellites that provide Internet connectivity in rural areas and devices that help doctors to detect and diagnose diseases like cancer.
“The risk is high. When they come to us with a proposal, our job is to make sure that while it may look like a moonshot idea, it is actually doable,” says C.S. Murali, chairman, STEM Cell, SID, IISc. “Our vision is to really help commercialise science and technology for the societal benefit through start-ups,” says Mr. Murali, who brings business expertise from his long years in the tech and venture capital industries.
The incubator, tucked away in a discreet corner of IISc’s verdant campus, connects these deep science start-ups with customers and investors and even helps in writing the business plans. What differentiates the SID facility, says Mr. Murali, is that it also supports the young ventures with business and technical mentorships from the institute’s faculty and provides access to its sophisticated equipment.
“We proved that we can bring academia, research and development [organisations] and industry together and achieve a world-class product,” says Dr. Harinarayana of General Aeronautics. The company is also working with IISc to develop ‘Life Box’ a device which can keep the heart harvested from the donor in good condition and increase its preservation time by maintaining various parameters such as temperature. The box would be transported to the recipient for transplant using a drone.
SpaceX challenger
“Our whole concept was only on the paper... IISc believed in it and incubated us,” says Neha Satak, who along with Prasad HL Bhat co-founded Astrome, a space technology company which could potentially compete globally with tech entrepreneur Elon Musk’s SpaceX. Astrome’s goal too is to solve the problem of connectivity by beaming high bandwidth Internet from space.
Astrome is developing a technology that it says would cut the cost of Internet access through satellites by 12 times. It plans to launch 200 satellites in the next few years to low-earth-orbit to beam reliable Internet to people living in small towns and villages. The firm says its Internet would be available in all developing countries and along major sea and air routes.
Reliable Internet connectivity, says Astrome, has the potential to bridge the rural-urban economic divide and revolutionise healthcare and education.
Fighting cancer
Another start-up SIAMAF Healthcare has built a technology for the staging and treatment of breast cancer. Its first product is MafPro, an ultrasensitive hand-held magnetic probe which offers “unprecedented quality and value of care benefits” to patients, doctors and hospital administrators, according to the company. “Our device can tell how far cancer has spread and that provides enough information to the doctor to make a proper diagnosis,” says Subhasis Sarangi, founder of SIAMAF. A physicist and biomedical engineer working at St. John’s Research Institute, Dr.Sarangi says the device has successfully completed initial laboratory and animal validation. Head and neck cancer, melanoma, colon cancer and lung cancer sufferers are also likely to benefit from this technology, according to Dr.Sarangi.
His peer Vinay Kumar’s venture PathShodh Healthcare is leveraging the bio-sensing technology for point-of-care devices aimed at providing ease-of-diagnosis and better management of chronic diseases. PathShodh has introduced first of its kind handheld device with the capability to measure multiple biomarkers specifically targeting diabetes and its complications, kidney disease, anaemia and liver-related ailments. For instance, its phone-sized device is able to test eight different parameters related to diabetic management and early detection of complications such as kidney failure. “Most of these tests are available in big pathology labs [and] we can cut the cost by 70% which these labs are charging,” says PathShodh’s co-founder Dr .Kumar. He aims to “democratise diagnostics” as this device can be taken to remote areas and it can store thousands of test reports which can be transferred via Bluetooth or the mobile network. The venture which has already filed eight patents in different countries including the U.S. and U.K. intends to deliver its diagnostic products to medical professionals, institutions and channel partners worldwide.
SID is also incubating Mimyk which works on developing immersive medical simulation technologies and combines hardware and software to create such platforms. Simulations can improve the result of surgeries as “doctors can practice them before performing them on patients as well as visualise the operative procedures in real time while actually conducting them,” says Shanthanu Chakravarthy, co-founder of Mimyk. Its technology was developed through a collaborative research and development activity carried out at the various IISc labs.
Challenges
Most of these ventures have received grants and funds from government-run organisations such as Biotechnology Industry Research Assistance Council (BIRAC) and the State government’s Department of Information Technology, Biotechnology and Science & Technology and niche investors.
However, at a time when e-commerce companies are raising billions of dollars, many of the founders said “scaling up” is a challenge as most of big mainstream venture capital investors shy away from investing in deep science start-ups. “The mindset of the investors has to change… [and] not only focus on e-commerce but also on intellectual property and technology-led companies,” says Sondur Madhan Babu, co-founder and CEO of Mymo Wireless, an indigenous fifth-generation wireless [5G] technology provider. Despite generating a revenue of $2 million last year and expecting to touch $4 million by next year, Mymo found it a challenge to raise venture capital. Mymo which was co-founded by Madhan Babu along with Sondur Lakshmipathi had been earlier licencing its technology to multinationals. It now wants to make its own powerful 5G chipset modules and take on large players like Qualcomm and China’s Huawei, but the firm requires a total funding of about $7 million. Mymo says compared to the technology provided by these multinationals its 5G chipset modules would be much cheaper, faster and would consume very less power to run gadgets ranging from phones, smartwatches to the Internet of Things (IoT) devices. “The entire technology for the chipset module to operate is ready on the table,” says Mr. Madhan Babu.
Mr. Murali of SID points out that not every company would succeed as they incubate high-risk and high-reward firms. “But the impact that they can create if successful is tremendous,” he says.
IISc duo’s claim of ambient superconductivity may have support in theory
Strong perturbations in the gold-silver matrix may liberate a latent superconductivity in the material
In July, a two member team of chemists, Anshu Pandey and Devesh Kumar Thapa, posted a preprint on the arXiv server claiming to have observed superconductivity at ambient temperature and pressure in samples in their lab in the Solid State and Structural Chemistry Unit at Indian Institute of Science, Bengaluru. They had studied materials with silver nanoparticles embedded in a gold matrix and found that their samples showed the signs of becoming a superconductor on cooling below 236 K (-37 degrees Celsius). Further, when they altered the mole fraction of gold in the samples, they could bring up the critical temperature Tc (the temperature at which the transition to superconductivity happens) up to room temperature.
They found the two effects that are the considered the signatures of superconductivity — resistance dropping close to zero below the critical temperature and the expulsion of magnetic flux from within the material — which often shows up as magnetic levitation at the superconducting temperature. The possible applications of such a discovery are unimaginably vast — a material that conducts electricity without resistance, or loss of power at room temperature. Magnetic levitation has also been discussed in the context of mag-lev trains etc.
Query raised
However, soon after the preprint was posted, there was a query raised by Brian Skinner, MIT physicist on two counts. One stemmed from his scepticism that a gold-silver combination could become a superconductor at all – because monovalent metals like gold and silver are by themselves never seen to become superconducting even at low temperatures. It is broadly believed in the physics community that they cannot ever exhibit superconductivity. The other objection was stunning — Dr Skinner’s analysis of the graphs plotted by Thapa and Pandey showed that the noise factor was too similar in two of the curves. Noise, being a random factor, cannot be similar for different trials, was his contention.
Amid this controversy, the IISc team chose to remain silent, only assuring Dr. Skinner in an email that they were studying the strange noise correlation.
But as to the unusual behaviour of gold-silver complex, G Baskaran, a Distinguished Fellow of The Institute of Mathematical Sciences, Chennai, is not surprised. He suggests that even though gold and silver are not themselves capable of superconductivity, the combination can have different properties. “The material can house strong perturbations that can liberate a confined, or latent, superconductivity,” he says.
According to him, even in isolation, there are many possible phases, including different types of superconducting phases, in which monovalent metals like gold, silver, copper etc can exist in principle. However, these phases do not manifest themselves in either calculation or direct experiments, and he believes this is because they are drowned out by competing quantum phases.
In fact, Prof. Baskaran includes in this list alkali metals such as sodium, potassium and others that have a similar electronic structure. (None of these, except for lithium, exhibits superconducting phases, even at very low temperatures.) Though in early days scientists tried to explain this, it is now accepted by most that these can never be superconducting. “Good metals make bad superconductors,” being the dictum.
Hubbard model
To overthrow this dictum, Baskaran invokes the Hubbard model, which is a theoretical model that describes the energetics of the system —monovalent metals. As he puts it, “different parts of the model exhibit superconductivity, but as a whole does not”. Thus, there may be different possibilities open. Some such latent phases that have been discussed earlier include charge-density waves and spin-density waves. To this list, he includes several types of superconducting phases. Unlike in the pure metals, in composite material, the balance may tip in favour of superconductivity.
In the case of the Pandey-Thapa results, he says: “They have put silver nanoparticles into gold. Given the chemistry of the two metals, silver being more electronegative, will donate the electrons into the gold matrix, making for strong perturbations to the individual energetics.” This appears to be pushing the combination into a superconducting phase. He further adds that the lattice structure of the silver nanoparticles may be different from the regular face-centred cubic array that silver enjoys in the bulk, which may add to the effect.
According to Prof Baskaran, such effects can be seen in any combination of the eight monovalent metals he has named – sodium, potassium, lithium, rubidium, cesium, gold, silver and copper. “Perhaps not all combinations may be practically possible, owing to their solid state chemistry, but some at least, which have the right perturbations, should show interesting behaviour,” he clarifies.
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